FaceResearch.org, a site run by two psychologists at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, features software that can average together faces from thousands of photos. These images purportedly show the average face of women from 40 different nationaliti
FaceResearch.org, a site run by two psychologists at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, features software that can average together faces from thousands of photos. These images purportedly show the average face of women from 40 different nationalities.
These images have been making the rounds online, and it's unclear how many photos were used to make the composite or how subjects were selected. On sites like Mashable, many commenters have noted that the women are all attractive. The most likely explanation is that blending many faces erases skin blemishes and makes the features more symmetrical. Though, how the subjects were selected may have something to do with the uniform look. It looks like only younger women's photos were used, and it's unclear what ethnicities are represented in each country's composite. Looking at the photo of the South African woman should tip you off that these images aren't quite accurate. For a country where black Africans make up more than79% of the population, the "average" South African is surprisingly light-skinned. You can try out the software yourself by averaging demo faces, or even upload your own pictures if you register. We may not be able to tell much from these composites, but the site offers more in-depth explanations on facial research. (Or you can just play with the ever-popular baby face maker.) Software Calculates Appearance Of The Average Woman In 41 Countries[Mashable] Mid-Year Population Estimates [Statistics South Africa] Average Faces [FaceResearch.org]
The appearance of facial morphology varies considerably with facial expression and movement, and depending on the position of the observer and observed person. When assessing a feature, the head of the observed person should be held in the Frankfurt horizontal, with the facial and neck muscles relaxed, eyes open, lips making gentle contact, and facial expression neutral. The face of the observer should be at the same height as the face of the observed person. A detailed description of the anatomic features of the head and face is available for reference.
The definitions are listed alphabetically based on the physical feature, not the modifier.
Head shape and upper face shape are closely related to the shape of the bony skull. Figures 1 and 2 show the bony anatomy of the face. Many anthropological landmarks, bony and soft tissue, are illustrated in Figures 3 and 4.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
The anatomy of the various structures is described in more detail below.
Cranium:
The upper part of the skull consists of paired frontal and parietal bones and a single posterior occipital bone (Figures 1 and 2). In early life these bones are separated by five major sutures (Figures 1 and 2). Three, the coronal, lambdoidal and squamosal, are paired, and two, the sagittal and metopic, are single. Cranial growth normally occurs perpendicular to each of these major sutures.
Forehead:
The part of the face above the eyebrows, below the hairline and between the temples. The paired frontalis muscles join in the midline and adhere to the superficial fascia over the frontal bone. These muscles effect forehead wrinkling or furrowing. They have no bony attachments, but inferiorly the fibres blend with the muscles encircling the eyelids. From these attachments the fibers are directed upward, and join the galea aponeurotica below the coronal suture. The galea aponeurotica is a layer of dense fibrous tissue which covers the upper part of the cranium and attaches posteriorly to the occipital bone. It is closely connected to the integument by the firm, dense, fibro-fatty layer which forms the superficial fascia of the scalp. It cannot be wrinkled or furrowed because it does not contain muscle fibres. The anterior hairline is typically situated at the junction of frontalis muscle and galea aponeurotica.
Glabella:
The most prominent point on the frontal bone above the root of the nose.
Supra-orbital Ridge:
The supraorbital portion of the frontal bones.
Midface:
This is a region and not an anatomical term. It extends, superiorly, from the inferior orbital margin to, inferiorly, the level of nasal base. It is formed by the maxilla (upper jaw) and zygoma. Traditionally, the nose and premaxilla are not included in the midface.
Maxilla:
These paired bones form, by their union, the upper jaw and contain the upper dentition. Each assists in forming the boundaries of three cavities - the palate, floor and lateral wall of the nose (frontal or malar process), and floor of the orbit. Each bone consists of a body and four processes - zygomatic, malar (frontal), alveolar and palatine.
Malar Process (Synonym: Frontal Process):
The most medial and superior part of the maxilla. It forms the medial border of the inferior bony orbit, and is contiguous with the lateral boundary of the nasal bridge.
Zygoma:
The part of the temporal bone of the skull that forms the prominence of the cheek. It is also known as the zygomatic bone or arch, the malar bone (creating confusion with the malar process of the maxilla), the cheek bone and the yoke bone. The zygomatic arch is composed of the malar process of the maxilla, medially, the zygoma, centrally, and the temporal bone, posterolaterally. It forms part of the part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit.
Premaxilla:
The part of the maxilla in which the 4 upper incisors develop, which forms the primary palate, and underlies the philtrum and upper lip.
Lower Face:
The part of the face between the mouth and the inferior point of the chin.
Cheek:
The soft tissues between the zygoma and mandible.
Mandible:
The lower jaw in which the lower teeth reside. It consists of a curved, horizontal portion, the body, and two perpendicular portions, the rami, which unite with the ends of the body nearly at right angles.
Chin:
The inferior portion of the face lying inferior to the lower lip and including the central prominence of the lower jaw.
Neck:
The part of the body connecting the head with the shoulders.
Presentation on theme: "Anthropometry An Introduction"— Presentation transcript:
1Anthropometry An Introduction Lecture ModuleFK Unsri2008
2“Stretch of the Measuring” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1779 Stadiometer
3What is Anthropometry? Greek Anthro- : man-pometry: measurementsLiteral meaning: “measurement of humans”The study of measurements or proportions of the human body according to sex, age, etc. for identification purposesDimensions of bones, muscles, and adipose (fat) tissues
4History of Anthropometry 1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of identification depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human body1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified“Bertillonage”- first adapted by the French police1887: introduced in the United States by Major McClaughry, the translator of Bertillon's book, when he was the warden of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet.
6History of Anthropometry 1888: Francis Galton starts research on “Finger Prints” to further anthropometry1892: Francis Galton publishes Finger Prints1894: England adopted the system.1903: Will West & William West
7Galton’s Discovery because of Anthropometry? “My attention was first drawn to the ridges in 1888 when preparing a lecture on Personal Identification for the Royal Institution, which had for its principal object an account of the anthropometric method of Bertillon, then newly introduced into the prison administration of France. Wishing to treat the subject generally, and having a vague knowledge of the value sometimes assigned to finger marks, I made inquiries, and was surprised to find, both how much had been done, and how much there remained to do, before establishing their theoretical value and practical utility.Enough was then seen to show that the subject was of real importance, and I resolved to investigate it; all the more so, as the modern processes of photographic printing would enable the evidence of such results as might be arrived at, to be presented to the reader on an enlarged and easily legible form, and in a trustworthy shape. Those that are put forward in the following pages, admit of considerable extension and improvement, and it is only the fact that an account of them seems useful, which causes me to delay no further before submitting what has thus far been attained, to the criticism of others.”Excerpt from Galton’s Finger Prints
8Applications of Anthropometry Identification of repeated criminalsCesare Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology (1895): “murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have long hands and scanty beards”.Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial characteristicsPrevention of impersonationDifferentiation between the racesEugenics in EuropeAryans from Jews: The Bureau for Enlightenment on Population Policy and Racial Welfare recommended the classification of Aryans and non-Aryans on the basis of measurements of the skull and other physical features, “craniometric” certification, required by law. The consequences for not meeting requirements included denial of permission to marry or work, and for many it meant the death campsIntelligence tests became associated with Anthropometry
9Debate over Anthropometry General Problems with Anthropometry:Cost and error of the instruments usedEducation needed to be able to take the measurementsError in calculation and measurementsSlowWill West Case
10Body Identification using Anthropometry Bertillon used 5 basic measurements:head lengthhead breadthlength of middle fingerLength of left footlength from the elbow to the extremity of the middle fingerToday that list is more extensive:GenderHeightWeightAgeBicep circumference, buttock depth, chest breadth, elbow circumference, eye height, forearm to hand, ear breadth, head circumference, head length, hip breadth sitting, hip breadth standing, sitting height, waist depth, wrist breadth, wrist circumference to name a few…there are currently 107 measurements
11Anthropometric Measuring Tools AnthropometerGoniometerTapeMedical scaleSliding Calipers: large and smallSpreading Caliper
12Anthropometric Measuring Techniques WeightStaturePosture:StandingFrankfortSittingArm SpanHead LengthHead BreadthEar-to-Head HeightNasal LengthNasal BreadthSkeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/StatureCephalic Index = Head Breadth x 100/Head LengthNasal Index = Nasal Breadth x 100/Nasal LengthSpan/Stature Index = Arm Span x 100/ StatureCranial Capacity
18Anthropometry Today Biometrics Nutrition and wellness Ergonomics Weight TrainingErgonomicsdynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones.Everyday lifeEvolutionary SignificanceChanges in humans overtimeMonitor growth in childrenCranial Anthropometry
19 Biometricsthe automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristicsVerification vs. identificationVerification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves confirming or denying a person's claimed identityIdentification: Who am I?
20Biometrics Applications Forensics: criminal identification and prison securityPrevention of unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networksAutomobiles: replace keys with key-less entry and key-less ignitionBorder control and national ID cards
21Biometrics Programs Fingerprint Identification Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand for authenticating a user's identityFace Location: an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the location and size of every human faceMultibiometrics: integrates face recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification
24Biometrics in Use Heathrow Airport- Iris BenGurion Airport: Hand GeometryFacePass: Face VerificationGrocery Store Payment: FingerprintUS- Visit ProgramINSPASS: Hand Geometry
25Cranial Anthropometry Also known as Craniometrymeasurement of the skull and face3 ways to categorize the skulldolichocephalic: long and thinbrachycephalic: short and broadmesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth
26Terminology Frankfort Horizontal (FH) A plane passing through three points of the right and left porion and the left orbitale.First proposed at the Craniometric Congress held in Munich, Germany, 1877.An orientation of skull in a consistent and reproducible position.Comparisons: natural head position; horizontal visual axis; and horizontal plane.
28Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones en (endocanthion)eu (eurion)ex (exocanthion)ft (frontotemporale)fz (frontozygomaticus)g (glabella)gn (gnathion)obi (otobasion inferius)op (opisthocranion)po (porion)
29Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones (cont.) n (nasion)sn (subnasale)t (tragion)tr (trichion)v (vertex)zy (zygion)
30Cranial Anthropometry Facial Zones Maximal cranial breadthMaximal cranial length
31 TerminologyBasion: the midpoint of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.Gnathion: the most anterior and lowest median point on the border of the mandible.Glabella: the most forward projecting point in the midline of the forehead at the level of the supra-orbital ridges and above the nasofrontal suture.Opisthocranion: the most posterior point on the skull not on the external occipital protuberance. It is the posterior end point of maximum cranial length measured from glabella. It is determined instrumentally.Euryon: the two points on the opposite sides of the skull that form termini of the lines of greatest breadth. The two points are determined instrumentally.Zygion: the most lateral point of the zygomatic arch. It is determined instrumentally.Orbitale: the lowest point in the margin of the orbit; one of the points used in defining Frankfort Horizontal.
32 TerminologyPorion: the uppermost lateral point in the margin of the external auditory meatus. The right and left porion with the left orbitale define the Frankfort HorizontalMastoidale: the lowest point of the mastoid processGonion: the midpoint of the angel of the mandible between body and ramus.Bregma: the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures in the midline.Lambda: the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures in the midline.Nasion: the intersection of the nasofrontal suture with the midsagittal plane. Nasion is the uppermost landmark for the measure of facial height.Menton: the lowest median point of the chin.Pogonion: the most anterior point in the midline of the chin.
33 3- D Anthropometry3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the measurement of entire populationsPrograms:CyberwareDigiSizeCySliceEar Impression 3-D ScannerSizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software.CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.
These images have been making the rounds online, and it's unclear how many photos were used to make the composite or how subjects were selected. On sites like Mashable, many commenters have 
